VARICOCELE is a varicosis disease which appears as a result of advanced dilatation and curve increase of veins carrying the venous blood of testicles into the heart (pampiniform plexus veins).<\/span><\/p>\n In general, varicocele does not cause any physical complaints until it becomes serious.<\/span>Sometimes, patients with advanced varicocele may have testicle pain, shrinking, fullness sense.<\/span>Varicocele may cause a blunt pain sensed on groins and retraction feeling on the testicle.<\/span>\u00a0Pain increases if the individual stands for a long time, lying decreases the pain.<\/span><\/p>\n However, varicocele causes INFERTILITY without any physical disorder in some men.<\/span>Approximately 40 to 50% of men with infertility complaint have varicocele.<\/span><\/p>\n Varicocele is more frequent at left.<\/span>\u00a0Occurrence on the right side solely is very rare and this should be investigated for right renal tumors.<\/span>Varicocele may be bilateral in 10% of the patients.<\/span><\/p>\n Varicocele may be detected by examination of testicles and scrotal color Doppler ultrasonographic examination.<\/span>\u00a0SPERMIOGRAM test must ne ordered for every patient whose varicocele was detected (if the patient is not before puberty) to examine a possible testicle damage.<\/span>Details of spermiogram have been presented in infertility page.<\/span>\u00a0If the patient is in childhood, testicle sizes should be followed closely by volume measurement devices.<\/span><\/p>\n Treatment is not required for varicoceles without pain, shrinkage in testicles and \/or of men who had married and have children.<\/span>\u00a0If varicocele causes pain, testicle shrinkage and infertility, surgical treatment is necessary.<\/span><\/p>\n Sooner the surgery is applied, sooner the testicle cell damage will be prevented.<\/span><\/p>\n Varicocelectomy may be performed easily by local anesthesia that will be applied onto the inguinal area or spinal anesthesia from the back or general anesthesia.<\/span>\u00a0The surgery is performed with a small cut from the inguinal area.<\/span>\u00a0Varicosed veins are ligated and cut.<\/span>\u00a0It is a simple surgery and does not require hospitalization in general, however it should be performed carefully and with an optical loop.<\/span>\u00a0The surgery lasts about 20 to 30 minutes.<\/span>\u00a0During the procedure, it should be cared that other formations related with testicle should not be damaged.<\/span><\/p>\n If varicocele surgery is not performed carefully and lymphatic vessels are ligated, hydrocele (fluid accumulation around testes), if the artery is ligated, testicle atrophy may be observed.<\/span>\u00a0Experience of the urologist is important for this procedure.<\/span><\/p>\n As 90 days are required for a sperm cell between initiation of the production and storing after maturation roughly, disorders of sperm cells start to recover at 3 months after varicocelectomy.<\/span>\u00a0Therefore, first sperm analysis should be performed at 6<\/span>th<\/span>\u00a0month after the surgery.<\/span><\/p>\n Recovery n sperm production is seen 70% of the patients operated.<\/span>\u00a0The studies conducted have indicated that those who have undergone the varicocelectomy surgery have babies. careful surgery increases this ratio.<\/span><\/p>\n Hydrocele is a condition of advanced swelling of the scrotum with excessive fluid accumulation between the membranes covering the testicle.<\/span>\u00a0Normally, there is 0.5 to 1.0 ml fluid is present within this space to provide lubrication of the testicle.<\/span>\u00a0This fluid amount is 200 to 300 ml or more in hydrocele.<\/span><\/p>\n Because the appearance and patient history are very typical, diagnosis is quite easy.<\/span>\u00a0Scrotum seems swelled excessively unilaterally or bilaterally and tense.<\/span>\u00a0There is fluid in it.<\/span><\/p>\n A typical elasticity sense is obtained when scrotum is hit by the finger during the examination.<\/span>\u00a0When scrotum is looked at by a light in a dark room, it seems pink.<\/span>\u00a0This simple examination called TRANSILLUMINATION finding proves that this swelling includes fluid and this is typical for HYDROCELE.<\/span><\/p>\n They are small and painless masses located on and behind the testicle.<\/span>\u00a0It is a cystic formation including dead sperms.<\/span>\u00a0Treatment is not necessary unless it reaches to large volumes.<\/span>\u00a0It is removed by an operation if grows much.<\/span><\/p>\n Torsion of testis is a very important disease of the testicle.<\/span>\u00a0In this disease, spermatic cord including veins that carry blood around the testicle is twisted around itself, spermatic veins cannot carry blood and if this situation is not corrected at an early time, this situation becomes testicular necrosis (gangrene).<\/span>\u00a0The risk of torsion is quite high in undescended testes.<\/span>\u00a0Torsion is greater than ever seen during puberty.<\/span><\/p>\n Testicular torsion is a table being very urgent.<\/span>\u00a0Usually, these occur sudden onset (especially awakening from sleep), testicular and groin pain, nausea and vomiting.<\/span>\u00a0Testicle and epididymis are sensitive; children would not want the scrotums to be touched.<\/span>\u00a0Hydrocele and edema are often seen with torsion.<\/span><\/p>\n Retraction of the testicle which is below the scrotum in normal as a result of trosion and increase of testicular pain by holding it up (Prehn\u2019s sign) supports torison.<\/p>\n Blood flow can be measured from the testis and epididymis with doppler ultrasound and testicular scintigraphy.<\/span>\u00a0Despite the existence of a serious decrease in blood flow in torsion, increased blood flow is seen in orchitis and epididymitis.<\/span>\u00a0These data are very important criteria for a definitive diagnosis.<\/span><\/p>\n Torsion is a table being very urgent.<\/span>\u00a0Normally, if there isn\u2019t a significant delay when patients the first refer to the patient (the first 4 hours is very important), the doctor should try to rotate the testicle who returned (detorsion) to the reinstates manually.<\/span>\u00a0The ideal approach is the fixation (stopping) of the testicles with surgery to the place in the scrotum after detorsion electively.<\/span><\/p>\n If they are alive, the testis and epididymis are made detorsion and are detected in the scrotum.<\/span>\u00a0If they are gangrene like in the picture above, are removed completely (OR\u015e\u0130O EPIDIDYMECTOMY).<\/span>\u00a0Because of the anomaly which cause torsion can cause the other testicle, the determination of the testicle on the opposite side, into the scrotum, is made in the same session.<\/span><\/p>\n The exact cause is unclear.<\/span>\u00a0However, testicular tumours are seen 5-10 times more frequently in the patients with undescended testis than normal patients.<\/span><\/p>\n Recently, chromosomal alterations and the use of estrogen in the womb are often considered to be emphasized.<\/p>\n Today\u2019s developments in the early diagnosis of testicular cancer have very promising results and survival rate comes to 95%.<\/p>\n 95% of testicular tumours are due the germ cell.<\/span>\u00a0(SEMINOMA \u2013 NON SEMINOMATOUS).<\/span><\/p>\n SEMINOMA (classic, anaplastic, and spermositic)<\/p>\n NON SEMINOMATOUS (Embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, yolk sac tumors, teratomas).<\/p>\n Painless swelling of the testis (rarely can be painful) is the most common symptom.<\/span>\u00a0Especially in young adults coming with this complaint need to think about all the cases, such as testicular cancer until proven otherwise. in 10% of cases, the first presenting symptoms can be such ashemoptysis (blood during cough), nausea; vomiting, convulsions and bone fractures rely on METASTATIC BULK, but these complaints may be rare.<\/span>\u00a0Hydrocele symptom may be accompanied by testicular tumor and even can mask the main disease.<\/span><\/p>\n A rapid ultrasonography should be performed in a patient like this.<\/span>\u00a0Ultrasonography can tell us the diagnosis largely as the bulk in the testicle.<\/span>\u00a0When the mass is detected by US, another test that should be applied is COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE ABDOMEN AND LUNGS.<\/span>METASTASIS may be understood if exits.<\/span><\/p>\n (alpha feto protein \u2013 beta HCG ( human chorionic gonadotropin ) \u2013 LDH ( lactic dehidrogenaz) \u2013 plasental alkalen fosfataz ) are blood tests used to detect the tumor.<\/span><\/p>\n It can be distinguished the cellular source of tumor is seminomatous or non-seminomatous or Chorio carcinoma in non-seminomatous, etc. because of the structural features of these tumor markers (determinants).<\/span>\u00a0Pursuit of treatment is also very important.<\/span><\/p>\n The first step of treatment is ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS and STAGING.<\/span>\u00a0For this, laceration from groin and other environmental elements (funiculus) point as high as is removed as possible.<\/span><\/p>\n HIGH INGUINAL ORCHIECTOMY:<\/strong><\/p>\n THOSE THAT WILL BE DONE AFTER HIGH INGUINAL ORCHIECTOMY;<\/p>\n SEMINOMAS<\/p>\n Early stage (I \u2013 II A seminoma); over 90% of cure is provided with radiotherapy.<\/span>\u00a0If there is recurrence after radiotherapy, CHEMOTHERAPY should be done.<\/span>\u00a0Herein, different combinations of agents (as PROTOCOL Einhorn) such as CYS \u2013 platinum, vincristine, bleomycin, ifosfamide, etoposide are used.<\/span><\/p>\n NON-SEMINOMAS IN LOW GRADE TUMORS<\/p>\n IN AMERICA:<\/span>\u00a0DRPLN (dissection (removal) of retroperitoneal lymph node) is the standard form of treatment; nevertheless, it is one of the alternative therapies can be selected in close monitoring and if necessary in CHEMOTHERAPY.<\/span><\/p>\n Cure rate is over 80%.<\/p>\n IN ADVANCED STAGE NON-SEMINOMATOUS TUMORS<\/p>\n It should be initiated to chemotherapy immediately.<\/span>\u00a0Cure rate is over 60%.<\/span><\/p>\n Sometimes, men whose testes are taken may enter to depression.<\/span>\u00a0Testicular prostheses are offered in order to support the patients with esthetic and psychological.<\/span>\u00a0For those patients who accepted testicular prostheses inserted with orchiectomy in the same session or at another time.<\/span>\u00a0Prosthesis is the same as beads of silicone as female breasts implanted prostheses.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" WHAT IS VARICOCELE? VARICOCELE is a varicosis disease which appears as a result of advanced dilatation and curve increase of veins carrying the venous blood of testicles into the heart (pampiniform plexus veins). WHAT DISORDERS DOES VARICOCELE CAUSE IN MEN? In general, varicocele does not cause any physical complaints until it becomes serious.Sometimes, patients with […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":51,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-your-queries"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.leonsaporta.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.leonsaporta.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.leonsaporta.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.leonsaporta.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.leonsaporta.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=50"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/www.leonsaporta.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":740,"href":"http:\/\/www.leonsaporta.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50\/revisions\/740"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.leonsaporta.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/51"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.leonsaporta.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=50"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.leonsaporta.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=50"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.leonsaporta.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=50"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}WHAT DISORDERS DOES VARICOCELE CAUSE IN MEN?<\/h3>\n
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON LOCALIZATION OF VARICOCELE?<\/h3>\n
WHICH TESTS SHOULD BE APPLIED FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF VARICOCELE?<\/h3>\n
HOW IS THE TREATMENT PLANNED FOR VARICOCELE ?<\/h3>\n
HOW IS VARICOCELE OPERATION APPLIED?<\/h3>\n
WHAT ARE POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS OF VARICOCELE SURGERY?<\/h3>\n
WHEN SHOULD SPERMIOGRAM BE DONE AT THE EARLIEST AFTER VARICOCELE OPERATION ON INFERTILE MEN ?<\/h3>\n
HOW MUCH IS VARICOCELE SURGERY EFFECTIVE ON RECOVERY OF SPERM FUNCTIONS ON AN INFERTILE MEN?<\/h3>\n
WHAT IS HYDROCELE?<\/h3>\n
HOW IS HYDROCELE DIAGNOSED?<\/h3>\n
WHAT IS SPERMATOCELE7 EPIDIDYMIS CYST? HOW SHOULD THE TREATMENT BE ARRANGED?<\/h3>\n
WHAT ARE FINDINGS OF TESTICULAR TORSION? HOW DOES IT OCCUR?<\/h3>\n
HOW IS TESTICULAR TORSION DIAGNOSED?<\/h3>\n
HOW IS TESTICLE TROSION TREATED?<\/h3>\n
WHAT ARE THE FACTORS EFFECTIVE ON TESTICULAR TUMORS?<\/h3>\n
WHAT IS IMPORTANCE OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS ON TESTICULAR TUMORS?<\/h3>\n
WHAT IS THE PATHOLOGY OR TESTICULAR TUMORS?<\/h3>\n
WHAT IS THE REFERRAL CAUSE OF THE PATIENT ON TESTICULAR TUMORS?<\/h3>\n
WHICH RADIOLOGICAL TEST IS APPLIED FOR THE DIAGNOSIS IN TESTICULAR TUMOR?<\/h3>\n
WHICH BLOOD TESTS ARE IMPORTANT TO DETERMINE TESTIS TUMORS?<\/h3>\n
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR TESTICULAR TUMORS?<\/h3>\n
IS IT POSSIBLE TO APPLY PROSTHESIS FOLLOWING TESTIS REMOVAL?<\/h3>\n